{"id":1308,"date":"2009-03-06T20:45:31","date_gmt":"2009-03-07T02:45:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/?p=1308"},"modified":"2020-12-29T04:44:35","modified_gmt":"2020-12-29T09:44:35","slug":"european-ash","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/european-ash\/","title":{"rendered":"European Ash"},"content":{"rendered":"<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3672\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3672\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-3672\" title=\"European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3672\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"#pics\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-424\" title=\"View More Images Below\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/down-arrow.png\" alt=\"View More Images Below\" width=\"196\" height=\"61\"><\/a><\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"The Common Name lists the name(s) that most laypeople use when talking about the wood. It can sometimes be vague, because there are some instances where two different species of wood are called by the same common name. This field may also include trade names that are used by wood dealers to help sell the wood by making it sound more attractive.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/common-name\/\"><strong>Common Name(s):<\/strong><\/a> European Ash, Common Ash<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a id=\"\" class=\"\" title=\"In contrast to a wood\u2019s common name, using the scientific or botanical name is a much more precise way of referencing wood: the only downside is that it\u2019s Latin, and doesn\u2019t make much sense to most English-speaking people. The name is listed in two parts: [\/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/scientific-name\/\" name=\"\">Scientific Name:<\/a> <\/strong>Fraxinus excelsior<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"The distribution indicates the location(s) where the tree is commonly found; that is, where it naturally grows. Additional source data will be included on a wood species if it is commonly grown on a plantation or is harvested from some other non-native area.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/distribution\/\"><strong>Distribution:<\/strong><\/a> Europe and southwestern Asia<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"Beyond just giving a good visualization of how large the tree of a given wood species grows, (in height and diameter), these measurements can also help to give an idea of what size boards\/lumber is available.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/tree-size\/\"><strong>Tree Size:<\/strong><\/a> 65-115 ft (20-35 m) tall, 3-6 ft (1-2 m) trunk diameter<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a title=\"This is a measure of a wood\u2019s weight in relation to a preset volume. Usually it\u2019s pounds per cubic foot (lbs\/ft3), or in metric units: kilograms per cubic meter (kg\/m3). However, a wood\u2019s weight will also greatly depend on it\u2019s moisture content (MC); all readings are standardized to reflect the weight at a 12% moisture content.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/average-dried-weight\/\">Average Dried Weight:<\/a> <\/strong>42 lbs\/ft<sup>3<\/sup> (680 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a title=\"Technically, specific gravity is a measure of the ratio of a wood\u2019s density as compared to water. (So if a wood is of the same density as water, the specific gravity would be 1.00.) The first number is the basic specific gravity, based on the botanical standard of ovendry weight and green volume. The second number is meant for woodworkers, and is simply a snapshot of the wood\u2019s specific gravity at 12% MC, (that is, both 12% MC weight and volume).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/specific-gravity\/\">Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC):<\/a><\/strong> .49, .68<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"The actual number listed is the amount of pounds-force (lbf) or newtons (N) required to imbed a .444 inch (11.28 mm) diameter steel ball into the wood to half the ball\u2019s diameter. This number is given for wood that has been dried to a 12% moisture content, unless otherwise noted.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/janka-hardness\/\"><strong>Janka Hardness:<\/strong><\/a> 1,480 lb<sub>f<\/sub> (6,580 N)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"Modulus of rupture, frequently abbreviated as MOR, (sometimes referred to as bending strength), is a measure of a specimen\u2019s strength before rupture. It can be used to determine a wood species\u2019 overall strength; unlike the modulus of elasticity, which measures the wood\u2019s deflection, but not its ultimate strength. (That is to say, some species of wood will bow under stress, but not easily break.)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/modulus-of-rupture\/\"><strong>Modulus of Rupture:<\/strong><\/a> 15,020 lb<sub>f<\/sub>\/in<sup>2<\/sup> (103.6 MPa)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a title=\"In the simplest terms, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) measures a wood\u2019s stiffness, and is a good overall indicator of its strength. Technically it\u2019s a measurement of the ratio of stress placed upon the wood compared to the strain (deformation) that the wood exhibits along its length.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/modulus-of-elasticity\/\">Elastic Modulus:<\/a> <\/strong>1,785,000 lb<sub>f<\/sub>\/in<sup>2<\/sup> (12.31 GPa)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"Sometimes known as compression strength parallel to the grain, this is a measurement of the wood\u2019s maximum crushing strength when weight is applied to the ends of the wood (compression is parallel to the grain). This number is a good indicator of the wood\u2019s strength in applications such as deck posts, chair legs, or other circumstances where the load being applied is parallel rather than perpendicular to the grain.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/crushing-strength\/\"><strong>Crushing Strength:<\/strong><\/a> 7,400 lb<sub>f<\/sub>\/in<sup>2<\/sup> (51.0 MPa)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"This denotes how much the wood will shrink dimensionally when going from green to ovendry MC. This is a good overall indicator of the wood's stability when encountering changes in humidity.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/dimensional-shrinkage\/\"><strong>Shrinkage:<\/strong><\/a> Radial: 5.7%, Tangential: 9.6%, Volumetric: 15.3%, T\/R Ratio: 1.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-color-appearance\/\"><strong>Color\/Appearance:<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;The heartwood is a light to medium brown color, though darker streaks can also be seen, which is sometimes sold as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/olive-ash\/\">Olive Ash<\/a>. Sapwood can be very wide, and tends to be a beige or light brown; not always clearly or sharply demarcated from heartwood.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-grain-texture\/\">Grain\/Texture:<\/a> <\/strong>Has a medium to coarse texture similar to oak. The grain is almost always straight and regular, though sometimes curly or figured boards can be found.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/\"><strong>Endgrain:<\/strong><\/a> Ring-porous; large earlywood pores 2-4 rows wide, small latewood pores solitary and radial multiples of 2-3; tyloses common; growth rings distinct; rays barely visible without lens; parenchyma banded (marginal), paratracheal parenchyma around latewood pores vasicentric, aliform, and confluent.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-durability\/\">Rot Resistance:<\/a> <\/strong>Heartwood is rated as perishable, or only slightly durable in regard to decay. Ash is also not resistant to insect attack.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-workability\/\"><strong>Workability:<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;Produces good results with hand or machine tools. Responds well to steam bending. Glues, stains, and finishes well.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-odor\/\">Odor:<\/a> <\/strong>Gives off a distinct, moderately unpleasant smell when being worked.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-allergies-and-toxicity\/\"><strong>Allergies\/Toxicity:<\/strong><\/a> Ash in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-identification\/by-scientific-name\/#fraxinus\">Fraxinus genus<\/a> has been reported to cause skin irritation, and a decrease in lung function. See the articles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-allergies-and-toxicity\/\">Wood Allergies and Toxicity<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-dust-safety\/\">Wood Dust Safety<\/a> for more information.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-pricing-availability\/\"><strong>Pricing\/Availability:<\/strong><\/a> European Ash is the European equivalent to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/white-ash\/\">White Ash<\/a> of the United States, and both should be among the least expensive utility hardwoods available domestically, respectively. It should compare similarly to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-identification\/by-scientific-name\/#quercus\">oak<\/a> in terms of price.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/restricted-and-endangered-wood-species\/\"><strong>Sustainability:<\/strong><\/a> This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #105378;\"><strong>Common Uses:<\/strong><\/span> Flooring, millwork, boxes\/crates, baseball bats, and other turned objects such as tool handles.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #105378;\"><strong>Comments:<\/strong><\/span> European Ash has fairly good strength properties for its weight, and is also shock resistant.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When stained, ash can look very similar to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/red-oak\/\">oak<\/a> (Quercus spp.), although oaks have much wider rays, which are visible on all wood surfaces\u2014even on flatsawn surfaces, where they appear as short, thin brown lines between the growth rings. Ashes lack these conspicuous rays.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/related-species\/\"><strong>Related Species:<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/black-ash\/\"><strong>Black Ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus nigra)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/blue-ash\/\"><strong>Blue Ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus quadrangulata)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/green-ash\/\"><strong>Green Ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/oregon-ash\/\"><strong>Oregon Ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus latifolia)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/pumpkin-ash\/\"><strong>Pumpkin Ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus profunda)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/tamo-ash\/\"><strong>Tamo Ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus mandshurica)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/white-ash\/\"><strong>White Ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus americana)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/olive-ash\/\"><strong>Olive Ash<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/swamp-ash\/\"><strong>Swamp Ash<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/related-articles\/\"><strong>Related Articles:<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/ash-wood-black-white-and-everything-in-between\/\">Ash Wood: Black, White, and Everything in Between<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a name=\"pics\"><\/a>Scans\/Pictures:<\/strong> A special thanks to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/about\/#steve\">Steve Earis<\/a> for providing the wood sample and turned photo of this wood species.<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_3672\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3672\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-3672\" title=\"European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"European Ash (sanded)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3672\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Ash (sanded)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_3675\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3675\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-sealed-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-3675\" title=\"European Ash (sealed)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-sealed-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"European Ash (sealed)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-sealed-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-sealed-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-sealed-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-sealed-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3675\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Ash (sealed)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_3676\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3676\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-3676\" title=\"European Ash (endgrain)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"European Ash (endgrain)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3676\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Ash (endgrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_5575\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5575\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-5575\" title=\"European Ash (endgrain 10x)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"European Ash (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5575\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Ash (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_3677\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3677\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-turned-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-3677\" title=\"European Ash (turned)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-turned-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"European Ash (turned)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-turned-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-turned-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-turned-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-turned-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3677\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Ash (turned)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_4253\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4253\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-curly-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-4253\" title=\"European Ash (curly)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-curly-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"European Ash (curly)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-curly-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-curly-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-curly-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-curly-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4253\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Ash (curly)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Common Name(s): European Ash, Common Ash Scientific Name: Fraxinus excelsior Distribution: Europe and southwestern Asia Tree Size: 65-115 ft (20-35 m) tall, 3-6 ft (1-2 m) trunk diameter Average Dried Weight: 42 lbs\/ft3 (680 kg\/m3) Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .49, .68 Janka Hardness: 1,480 lbf (6,580 N) Modulus of Rupture: 15,020 lbf\/in2 (103.6 MPa) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3672,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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