{"id":7586,"date":"2012-05-31T17:41:24","date_gmt":"2012-05-31T23:41:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/?p=7586"},"modified":"2017-07-20T00:52:26","modified_gmt":"2017-07-20T05:52:26","slug":"european-hornbeam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/european-hornbeam\/","title":{"rendered":"European Hornbeam"},"content":{"rendered":"<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><figure id=\"attachment_7597\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7597\" style=\"width: 146px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7597\" title=\"European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)\" alt=\"European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-146x200.jpg\" width=\"146\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-146x200.jpg 146w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-44x60.jpg 44w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-293x400.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7597\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#pics\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-424\" title=\"View More Images Below\" alt=\"View More Images Below\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/down-arrow.png\" width=\"196\" height=\"61\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"The Common Name lists the name(s) that most laypeople use when talking about the wood. It can sometimes be vague, because there are some instances where two different species of wood are called by the same common name. This field may also include trade names that are used by wood dealers to help sell the wood by making it sound more attractive.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/common-name\/\"><strong>Common Name(s):<\/strong><\/a> European Hornbeam, Common Hornbeam<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"In contrast to a wood\u2019s common name, using the scientific or botanical name is a much more precise way of referencing wood: the only downside is that it\u2019s Latin, and doesn\u2019t make much sense to most English-speaking people. The name is listed in two parts: [\/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=\" 1_1=\"\" background_position=\"left top\" background_color=\"\" border_size=\"\" border_color=\"\" border_style=\"solid\" spacing=\"yes\" background_image=\"\" background_repeat=\"no-repeat\" padding=\"\" margin_top=\"0px\" margin_bottom=\"0px\" class=\"\" id=\"\" animation_type=\"\" animation_speed=\"0.3\" animation_direction=\"left\" hide_on_mobile=\"no\" center_content=\"no\" min_height=\"none\" genus=\"\" species=\"\" when=\"\" two=\"\" or=\"\" more=\"\" are=\"\" included=\"\" in=\"\" a=\"\" under=\"\" single=\"\" common=\"\" name=\"\" only=\"\" the=\"\" will=\"\" be=\"\" listed=\"\" with=\"\" spp=\"\" afterward=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/scientific-name\/\"><strong>Scientific Name:<\/strong><\/a> Carpinus betulus<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"The distribution indicates the location(s) where the tree is commonly found; that is, where it naturally grows. Additional source data will be included on a wood species if it is commonly grown on a plantation or is harvested from some other non-native area.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/distribution\/\"><strong>Distribution:<\/strong><\/a> Europe and western Asia<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"Beyond just giving a good visualization of how large the tree of a given wood species grows, (in height and diameter), these measurements can also help to give an idea of what size boards\/lumber is available.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/tree-size\/\"><strong>Tree Size:<\/strong><\/a> 50-65 ft (15-20 m) tall, 2-3 ft (.6-1 m) trunk diameter<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a title=\"This is a measure of a wood\u2019s weight in relation to a preset volume. Usually it\u2019s pounds per cubic foot (lbs\/ft3), or in metric units: kilograms per cubic meter (kg\/m3). However, a wood\u2019s weight will also greatly depend on it\u2019s moisture content (MC); all readings are standardized to reflect the weight at a 12% moisture content.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/average-dried-weight\/\">Average Dried Weight:<\/a><\/strong> 46 lbs\/ft<sup>3<\/sup> (735 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a title=\"Technically, specific gravity is a measure of the ratio of a wood\u2019s density as compared to water. (So if a wood is of the same density as water, the specific gravity would be 1.00.)  The first number is the basic specific gravity, based on the botanical standard of ovendry weight and green volume. The second number is meant for woodworkers, and is simply a snapshot of the wood\u2019s specific gravity at 12% MC, (that is, both 12% MC weight and volume).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/specific-gravity\/\">Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC):<\/a><\/strong> .53, .74<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"The actual number listed is the amount of pounds-force (lbf) or newtons (N) required to imbed a .444 inch (11.28 mm) diameter steel ball into the wood to half the ball\u2019s diameter. This number is given for wood that has been dried to a 12% moisture content, unless otherwise noted.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/janka-hardness\/\"><strong>Janka Hardness:<\/strong><\/a> 1,630 lb<sub>f<\/sub> (7,260 N)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"Modulus of rupture, frequently abbreviated as MOR, (sometimes referred to as bending strength), is a measure of a specimen\u2019s strength before rupture. It can be used to determine a wood species\u2019 overall strength; unlike the modulus of elasticity, which measures the wood\u2019s deflection, but not its ultimate strength. (That is to say, some species of wood will bow under stress, but not easily break.)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/modulus-of-rupture\/\"><strong>Modulus of Rupture:<\/strong><\/a> 16,010 lb<sub>f<\/sub>\/in<sup>2<\/sup> (110.4 MPa)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"In the simplest terms, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) measures a wood\u2019s stiffness, and is a good overall indicator of its strength. Technically it\u2019s a measurement of the ratio of stress placed upon the wood compared to the strain (deformation) that the wood exhibits along its length.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/modulus-of-elasticity\/\"><strong>Elastic Modulus:<\/strong><\/a> 1,755,000 lb<sub>f<\/sub>\/in<sup>2<\/sup> (12.10 GPa)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"Sometimes known as compression strength parallel to the grain, this is a measurement of the wood\u2019s maximum crushing strength when weight is applied to the ends of the wood (compression is parallel to the grain). This number is a good indicator of the wood\u2019s strength in applications such as deck posts, chair legs, or other circumstances where the load being applied is parallel rather than perpendicular to the grain.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/crushing-strength\/\"><strong>Crushing Strength:<\/strong><\/a> 7,320 lb<sub>f<\/sub>\/in<sup>2<\/sup> (50.5 MPa)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a title=\"This denotes how much the wood will shrink dimensionally when going from green to ovendry MC. This is a good overall indicator of the wood's stability when encountering changes in humidity.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/dimensional-shrinkage\/\"><strong>Shrinkage:<\/strong><\/a> Radial: 6.8%, Tangential: 11.5%, Volumetric: 18.4%, T\/R Ratio: 1.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-color-appearance\/\"><strong>Color\/Appearance:<\/strong><\/a> Hornbeam&#8217;s sapwood is very thick, with most boards and lumber being comprised entirely of sapwood. Color is nearly white. Pale\u00a0yellowish\u00a0brown heartwood isn&#8217;t clearly demarcated from sapwood.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-grain-texture\/\">Grain\/Texture:<\/a><\/strong> Grain is straight to slightly interlocked, with a fine, even texture.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/\"><strong>Endgrain:<\/strong><\/a> Diffuse-porous; small to medium pores, often in radial or diagonal arrangement, (sometimes in dendritic arrangement), moderately numerous to numerous; commonly in radial multiples of 2-4; tyloses occasionally present; smaller rays not visible without lens, with much larger aggregate rays\u00a0occasionally\u00a0present, close spacing; parenchyma diffuse-in-aggregates, banded (marginal).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-durability\/\">Rot Resistance:<\/a><\/strong> Hornbeam is rated as non-durable to perishable in regards to decay resistance, and is also\u00a0susceptible\u00a0to insect attack. However, Hornbeam has excellent resistance to wear and abrasion.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-workability\/\"><strong>Workability:<\/strong><\/a> Overall, Hornbeam is considered difficult to work on account of its density and toughness. However, this same density, coupled with its fine and even grain, make an excellent turning wood. Stains, glues, and finishes well.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-odor\/\">Odor:<\/a><\/strong> No characteristic odor.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-allergies-and-toxicity\/\"><strong>Allergies\/Toxicity:<\/strong><\/a> Although severe reactions are quite uncommon, Hornbeam has been reported to cause\u00a0skin irritation. See the articles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-allergies-and-toxicity\/\">Wood Allergies and Toxicity<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-dust-safety\/\">Wood Dust Safety<\/a> for more information.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/wood-pricing-availability\/\"><strong>Pricing\/Availability:<\/strong><\/a> Prices for the wood should be moderate throughout its natural range. Not commonly exported to the United States.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/restricted-and-endangered-wood-species\/\"><strong>Sustainability:<\/strong><\/a> This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #105378;\"><strong>Common Uses:<\/strong><\/span> Fuelwood, flooring, veneer, musical instruments (percussion), wheels, handles, shafts, turned objects, and other small wood parts.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #105378;\"><strong>Comments:<\/strong><\/span> So named, either 1) because one of its original uses was as an ox yoke, or 2) the wood was reputed to be as hard and tough as a horn.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/related-species\/\"><strong>Related Species:<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/american-hornbeam\/\"><strong>American Hornbeam <\/strong>(Carpinus caroliniana)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/related-articles\/\"><strong>Related Articles:<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">None available.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Scans\/Pictures: <\/strong>A special thanks to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/about\/#steve\">Steve Earis<\/a> for providing the wood sample and turned photo of this wood species.<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_7597\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7597\" style=\"width: 146px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7597\" title=\"European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)\" alt=\"European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-146x200.jpg\" width=\"146\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-146x200.jpg 146w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-44x60.jpg 44w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-293x400.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7597\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Hornbeam (sanded)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_7609\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7609\" style=\"width: 146px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-sealed.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7609\" title=\"European Hornbeam (sealed)\" alt=\"European Hornbeam (sealed)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-sealed-146x200.jpg\" width=\"146\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-sealed-146x200.jpg 146w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-sealed-44x60.jpg 44w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-sealed-293x400.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-sealed.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7609\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Hornbeam (sealed)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_7610\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7610\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-endgrain.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7610\" title=\"European Hornbeam (endgrain)\" alt=\"European Hornbeam (endgrain)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-endgrain-200x200.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-endgrain-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-endgrain-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-endgrain-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-hornbeam-endgrain.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7610\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Hornbeam (endgrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_7611\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7611\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7611\" title=\"European Hornbeam (endgrain 10x)\" alt=\"European Hornbeam (endgrain 10x)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-endgrain-zoom-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7611\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Hornbeam (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_7616\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7616\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-turned-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7616\" title=\"European Hornbeam: spalted (turned)\" alt=\"European Hornbeam: spalted (turned)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-turned-s-200x150.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-turned-s-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-turned-s-60x45.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-turned-s-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hornbeam-turned-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7616\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European Hornbeam: spalted (turned)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Common Name(s): European Hornbeam, Common Hornbeam Scientific Name: Carpinus betulus Distribution: Europe and western Asia Tree Size: 50-65 ft (15-20 m) tall, 2-3 ft (.6-1 m) trunk diameter Average Dried Weight: 46 lbs\/ft3 (735 kg\/m3) Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .53, .74 Janka Hardness: 1,630 lbf (7,260 N) Modulus of Rupture: 16,010 lbf\/in2 (110.4 MPa) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7597,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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