{"id":8856,"date":"2012-11-15T11:13:56","date_gmt":"2012-11-15T17:13:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/?page_id=8856"},"modified":"2023-03-20T23:39:34","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T04:39:34","slug":"hardwood-anatomy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/","title":{"rendered":"Hardwood Anatomy"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8856\" class=\"elementor elementor-8856\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-19bc41e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"19bc41e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-571e899\" data-id=\"571e899\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9197e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9197e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>by Eric Meier<\/strong><\/p><blockquote><p><strong>Outline<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#pores\">Vessel elements:<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#porosity\">porosity<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#arrangement\">arrangement<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#size\">size<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#frequency\">frequency<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#contents\">contents<\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#parenchyma\">Parenchyma<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#apotracheal\">apotracheal<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#paratracheal\">paratracheal<\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#rays\">Rays<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#width\">width<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#spacing\">spacing<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#aggregate\">aggregate<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#noded\">noded<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#storied\">storied<\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#fibers\">Wood fibers<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#monocots\">Monocots<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#palm\">palm<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/hardwood-anatomy\/#bamboo\">bamboo<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/blockquote><p>In sharp contrast to the simple\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/softwood-anatomy\/\">anatomy of softwoods<\/a>, the hardwoods of the world exhibit a dazzling array of endgrain patterns and intricate motifs; and it\u2019s in this complexity that the challenge (and joy) of wood identification really comes alive. An unknown hardwood sample could be just about anything under the sun, yet as each anatomical feature is considered,\u00a0<em>anything<\/em>\u00a0is narrowed down to\u00a0<em>something<\/em>.<\/p><p>That is to say, throughout the identification process, the more observations that can be made and classified about a hardwood sample, the more and more the field of possible candidates narrows. Ultimately, the point is reached where no further refinements can be recorded, and either a clear identification emerges, or a handful of possibilities remain.<\/p><p>As discussed on the page\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/the-truth-behind-wood-identification\/\">The Truth Behind Wood\u00a0Identification<\/a>, a positive identification down to the species level isn\u2019t always possible, but generally,\u00a0<em>anything<\/em>\u00a0can be narrowed down to a more descriptive\u00a0<em>something<\/em>, and in many cases, the genus or family of the wood can usually be ascertained. To begin this process, the largest and most conspicuous anatomical elements are examined first.<\/p><h1><a name=\"pores\"><\/a>Vessel elements<\/h1><p>When viewed from the endgrain, vessels simply appear to be holes in the wood\u2014what are commonly referred to as\u00a0<strong>pores.<\/strong> In a live tree, vessels serve as the pipelines within the trunk, transporting sap within the tree.<\/p><p>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/softwood-anatomy\/\">Softwoods<\/a>\u00a0completely lack vessels, and instead rely on tracheids for sap conduction.) Vessel elements are the largest type of cells, and unlike the other hardwood cell types, they can be viewed individually\u2014oftentimes even without any sort of magnification.<\/p><p>For simplicity\u2019s sake, vessel elements will simply be referred to as\u00a0<em>pores<\/em>\u00a0throughout this website.<\/p><p>Hardwoods are initially divided into three main categories according to the arrangement of their pores, commonly called its\u00a0<strong>porosity<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-679d25c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"679d25c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9a89d50\" data-id=\"9a89d50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08cf03e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08cf03e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<!-- 2019-inline-article-elementor -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3550840598661096\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"6514411072\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9b9bb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9b9bb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f541dbf\" data-id=\"f541dbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756a87b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756a87b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"porosity\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Porosity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce811cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce811cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b63c955\" data-id=\"b63c955\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bc87b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bc87b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ring-porous<\/strong><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_8953\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8953\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s1.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8953\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s1-300x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s1-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s1-150x200.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s1-45x60.jpg 45w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/european-ash-endgrain-zoom-s1.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8953\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">European ash (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/european-ash\/\">European Ash\u00a0<em>(Fraxinus excelsior)<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is an example of a\u00a0<strong>ring-porous wood,<\/strong>\u00a0with the earlywood pores clearly forming rings or bands\u2014in this case two to four rows wide.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5460d3\" data-id=\"c5460d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b82118 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b82118\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diffuse-porous<\/strong><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_8954\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8954\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/afzelia-endgrain-zoom-jh1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8954\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/afzelia-endgrain-zoom-jh1-300x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/afzelia-endgrain-zoom-jh1-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/afzelia-endgrain-zoom-jh1-150x200.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/afzelia-endgrain-zoom-jh1-45x60.jpg 45w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/afzelia-endgrain-zoom-jh1.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8954\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Afzelia (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/afzelia\/\">Afzelia\u00a0<em>(Afzelia spp.)<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is an example of a\u00a0<strong>diffuse-porous wood,<\/strong>\u00a0with no\u00a0 clear earlywood-latewood pore arrangement, and no significant difference in pore size.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-660c2c2\" data-id=\"660c2c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6df7ca5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6df7ca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Semi-ring-porous<\/strong><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_8955\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8955\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/butternut-endgrain-zoom1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8955\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/butternut-endgrain-zoom1-300x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/butternut-endgrain-zoom1-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/butternut-endgrain-zoom1-150x200.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/butternut-endgrain-zoom1-45x60.jpg 45w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/butternut-endgrain-zoom1.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8955\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Butternut (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/butternut\/\">Butternut\u00a0<em>(Juglans cinerea)<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is an example of a\u00a0<strong>semi-ring-porous wood.<\/strong>\u00a0Although the pores don\u2019t form clear rows, the size gradually decreases from the earlywood to the latewood.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2933f43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2933f43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee15297\" data-id=\"ee15297\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4874b71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4874b71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In temperate zones, it\u2019s not unusual for hardwood pores to correspond to the annual growing season, with larger pores forming a band or ring along the earlywood zone. This category of porosity is called\u00a0<strong>ring-porous.<\/strong><\/p><p>The second category\u2014common in many tropical species\u2014occurs when the pores are distributed evenly throughout the wood. (Growth rings may still be discernible through other cell types, such as parenchyma bands, or a change of color in the wood fibers, but the largest elements\u2014the pores\u2014will be spread out and diffused throughout the wood.) This category of porosity is called\u00a0<strong>diffuse-porous.<\/strong><\/p><p>Additionally, a third, intermediate arrangement is also seen, which is sometimes difficult to define. It includes wood that has pores that are generally evenly spaced but grade from large to small between growth rings, subtly suggesting growth boundaries. (Wood species with pores of a uniform size that are arranged in weak or broken bands are considered by some sources to be a part of this intermediate category as well.) This intermediate category of porosity is interchangeably called either\u00a0<strong>semi-ring-porous<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>semi-diffuse-porous;<\/strong>\u00a0for simplicity\u2019s sake, this group will be referred to as\u00a0<em>semi-ring-porous<\/em>\u00a0throughout this website.<\/p><p>In addition to the foundational three-fold categorization of the pores, there\u2019s also a few other factors pertaining to pores to consider in hardwood identification.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a520d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a520d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3b93d\" data-id=\"8b3b93d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88dfccf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88dfccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"arrangement\"><\/a>Pore arrangement<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5793d37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5793d37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ddf093\" data-id=\"3ddf093\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49dfa99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49dfa99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_11227\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11227\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/southern-blue-gum-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11227\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/southern-blue-gum-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"Blue Gum (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/southern-blue-gum-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/southern-blue-gum-endgrain-zoom-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/southern-blue-gum-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/southern-blue-gum-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11227\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue gum: exclusively solitary<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5f6960\" data-id=\"d5f6960\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36cce25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36cce25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pores generally occur as single, solitary openings, called\u00a0<strong>solitary pores<\/strong>. When 90% or more of the pores in a wood sample are solitary, it is said to be\u00a0<strong>exclusively solitary,\u00a0<\/strong>(many species of\u00a0<em>Eucalyptus<\/em>\u00a0are a good example of this). However, despite the commonness of solitary pores, most woods do not have\u00a0<em>exclusively<\/em>\u00a0solitary pores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cd4ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cd4ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5e9b12\" data-id=\"f5e9b12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a42f33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a42f33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5434\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5434\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jatoba-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5434\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jatoba-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"Jatoba (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jatoba-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jatoba-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jatoba-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jatoba-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5434\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jatoba: radial multiples<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50ca197\" data-id=\"50ca197\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2f688 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2f688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pores also occur in multiples; this appears as two (or more) adjacent pores where the middle wall between them is clearly shared, and is thus considered a pore\u00a0<strong>multiple.<\/strong>\u00a0When viewed from the endgrain, pore multiples are typically arranged vertically (radially), and are more specifically termed\u00a0<strong>radial multiples.\u00a0<\/strong>By far the most common pore distribution is a moderate mixture of solitary pores and radial multiples of two to three pores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-79d4b96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"79d4b96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9b32424\" data-id=\"9b32424\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d34cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d34cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_8964\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8964\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/coffeetree-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8964\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/coffeetree-endgrain-zoom-200x183.jpg\" alt=\"Coffeetree (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"200\" height=\"183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/coffeetree-endgrain-zoom-200x183.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/coffeetree-endgrain-zoom-60x55.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/coffeetree-endgrain-zoom-400x366.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/coffeetree-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8964\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coffeetree: pore clusters<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6856a6e\" data-id=\"6856a6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-475c175 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"475c175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition to regular radial multiples, other less common pore multiple formations can also occur. For instance, when pores are bordered by other adjacent pores on both the vertical (radial) and horizontal (tangential) sides, they\u2019re called\u00a0<strong>pore clusters.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-57d8ab3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"57d8ab3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5af71d0\" data-id=\"5af71d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35c3fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35c3fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_7809\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7809\" style=\"width: 175px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jelutong-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-7809\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jelutong-endgrain-zoom-175x200.jpg\" alt=\"Jelutong (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"175\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jelutong-endgrain-zoom-175x200.jpg 175w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jelutong-endgrain-zoom-52x60.jpg 52w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jelutong-endgrain-zoom-350x400.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jelutong-endgrain-zoom.jpg 525w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7809\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jelutong (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-671b61d\" data-id=\"671b61d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bca4761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bca4761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When radial multiples are four or more pores long, they\u2019re sometimes referred to as\u00a0<strong>pore chains.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5365a45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5365a45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9b48b61\" data-id=\"9b48b61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8613089 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8613089\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5731\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5731\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jarrah-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5731\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jarrah-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"Jarrah (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jarrah-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jarrah-endgrain-zoom-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jarrah-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/jarrah-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5731\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jarrah: diagonal\/radial pattern<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0552fa3\" data-id=\"0552fa3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-772edbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"772edbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besides the actual pore grouping, pores can also occur in other noteworthy patterns. For instance, Jarrah\u00a0<em>(Eucalyptus marginata)<\/em>\u00a0features pores that are exclusively solitary, but they are arranged in\u00a0<strong>diagonal rows<\/strong>\u00a0forming zigzag patterns. This classification includes pores that are in a more-or-less vertical (radial) orientation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-05a23f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"05a23f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d08c76\" data-id=\"0d08c76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-974ca93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"974ca93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_8970\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8970\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-elm-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8970\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-elm-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg\" alt=\"Red Elm (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-elm-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-elm-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-elm-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-elm-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8970\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red Elm: tangential bands<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-98d1cc0\" data-id=\"98d1cc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cdd950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cdd950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Another arrangement that is sometimes seen is when the pores occur in straight or wavy\u00a0<strong>tangential bands.<\/strong>\u00a0This classification includes pores that are in a more-or-less horizontal (tangential) orientation. This pattern is characteristic of all species of Elm\u00a0<em>(Ulmus spp.),<\/em>\u00a0and is\u00a0 sometimes referred to as\u00a0<strong>ulmiform.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-27f1bb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"27f1bb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7914588\" data-id=\"7914588\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550a6c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"550a6c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It should be noted that with some of these pore arrangements, (particularly tangential bands), they are generally only found in ring-porous woods, and only observed in the latewood portion of the wood. Depending on the growth rate of the tree, the latewood zones can be wider or narrower than usual. This has the effect of either exaggerating or concealing these patterns, so the growth rate of the tree should be taken into consideration as well.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9e2ffe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d9e2ffe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f7c121\" data-id=\"7f7c121\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa37a8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa37a8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"size\"><\/a>Pore size<\/h2><p>Technically, wood pore diameters are measured in micrometers (sometimes called microns), but the scope and scale of such minute scientific measurements can be hard to grasp. Without a means to actually measure the pore diameters (such as with a microscope outfitted with a micrometer eyepiece), knowing the actual measurements isn\u2019t terribly useful.<\/p><p>Instead, it\u2019s more helpful to simply gauge the pore sizes in comparative terms, (i.e., the pores are\u00a0<em>relatively small,<\/em>\u00a0or they are\u00a0<em>relatively large).<\/em>\u00a0This website will simply use the relative terms such as small, medium or large when describing pore sizes.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Size<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Micrometers (\u00b5m)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Small<\/td><td>&lt; 50<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Medium<\/td><td>50-100<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Large<\/td><td>100-200<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Very Large<\/td><td>&gt; 200<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In ring-porous woods, pore size should indicate both the size of the earlywood pores (usually medium to very large) as well as the size of the latewood pores (usually very small to medium).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-19b6771 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"19b6771\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3cd4c65\" data-id=\"3cd4c65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8033d54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8033d54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<!-- 2019-inline-article-elementor -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3550840598661096\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"6514411072\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0c173e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0c173e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877b2ab\" data-id=\"877b2ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a98e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3a98e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"frequency\"><\/a>Pore frequency<\/h2><p>Pore frequency is generally only measured on diffuse-porous woods; if noted, it\u2019s indicated in comparative terms, such as\u00a0<em>few,<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>numerous,\u00a0<\/em>rather than by precise microscopic terms such as quantity per square millimeter.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Frequency<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Vessels\/mm<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Very Few<\/td><td>&lt; 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Few<\/td><td>5-20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Moderately Numerous<\/td><td>20-40<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Numerous<\/td><td>40-100<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Very Numerous<\/td><td>&gt; 100<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In some instances, considering the pore frequency can prove to be an important distinguishing factor in identification. In the case of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/distinguishing-brazilian-rosewood-from-east-indian-and-other-rosewoods\/\">distinguishing Brazilian rosewood <em>(Dalbergia nigra)<\/em> from East Indian rosewood\u00a0<\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/distinguishing-brazilian-rosewood-from-east-indian-and-other-rosewoods\/\">(Dalbergia latifolia)<\/a>,\u00a0<\/em>one species\u00a0<em>(D. nigra)<\/em>\u00a0has much more infrequent pores, which proves to be a reasonably good discriminator.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ef5b74f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ef5b74f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a6a8be\" data-id=\"3a6a8be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7511846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7511846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5227\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5227\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/brazilian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5227\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/brazilian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Brazilian Rosewood (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/brazilian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/brazilian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/brazilian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/brazilian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5227\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brazilian rosewood (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a87a4ea\" data-id=\"a87a4ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-030247f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"030247f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5898\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5898\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/east-indian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5898\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/east-indian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"East Indian Rosewood (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/east-indian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/east-indian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/east-indian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/east-indian-rosewood-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5898\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Indian rosewood (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7850624 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7850624\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa4ed57\" data-id=\"fa4ed57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56e48ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56e48ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The wood sample on the left is Brazilian rosewood <em>(Dalbergia nigra),<\/em> which has very few pores. The sample on the right is East Indian rosewood\u00a0<em>(Dalbergia latifolia),<\/em> a close relative which is frequently confused with Brazilian rosewood; its pores are about twice as numerous as the Brazilian sample.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d2b5c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d2b5c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7e6b9\" data-id=\"df7e6b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f93a9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f93a9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"contents\"><\/a>Pore contents<\/h2><p>Besides simply considering the size or arrangement of the pores, sometimes it pays to observe what\u2019s actually in them. As sapwood becomes heartwood, certain substances and structures are deposited in the wood cells.<\/p><p>In some cases, pores can become filled with colored gums, resins, or other deposits that can aid in identification. In most species, heartwood deposits tend to be somewhat sporadic, so it shouldn\u2019t be relied upon as a primary identifying feature. The frequency of pore contents, if present, are described using the relative terms, sparse, common, and abundant.<\/p><p>Another common by-product of the conversion of sapwood to heartwood is the appearance of tyloses. Tyloses (singular, tylosis) appear as bubble-like structures that grow into open pores, and in some cases, completely stop-up the pores of the heartwood.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_5462\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5462\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/panga-panga-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5462\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/panga-panga-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Panga Panga (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/panga-panga-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/panga-panga-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/panga-panga-endgrain-zoom-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/panga-panga-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5462\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Panga Panga (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>The sample of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/panga-panga\/\">Panga Panga\u00a0<em>(Millettia stuhlmannii)<\/em><\/a> has quite a few heartwood deposits; many are a striking yellow, while some are a dark brown.\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_8977\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8977\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-locust-endgrain-zoom1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8977\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-locust-endgrain-zoom1-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Black Locust (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-locust-endgrain-zoom1-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-locust-endgrain-zoom1-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-locust-endgrain-zoom1-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-locust-endgrain-zoom1.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8977\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black locust (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/black-locust\/\">Black locust <em>(Robinia pseudoacacia) <\/em><\/a>is a superb example of a wood with pores that are abundantly packed with tyloses.<\/p><p>Some species lack tyloses altogether, while many others have an intermediate distribution ranging from sparse to common, while some species have tyloses in abundance, to the point that nearly every heartwood pore is filled with tyloses. This blockage has the beneficial effect of rendering the pores essentially watertight: a well known example of this is found in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/white-oak\/\">White oak <\/a><em>(Quercus alba),<\/em>\u00a0whose packed pores are commonly used for barrel-making (also known as cooperage).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cc15a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cc15a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-60945a8\" data-id=\"60945a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb22cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fb22cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><a name=\"parenchyma\"><\/a>Parenchyma<\/h1><p>In a living tree, the parenchyma contained in the sapwood consists of living tissue that serves as storage cells. Technically, there are a few different types of parenchyma cells seen in wood, (such as those occurring radially in the rays), but far and away the most common type of cells that are designated specifically as\u00a0<em>parenchyma<\/em>\u00a0refer to\u00a0<strong>longitudinal<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>axial parenchyma,<\/strong>\u00a0which are oriented along the length of the tree-trunk. All references to parenchyma in this website will be describing\u00a0<em>axial parenchyma.<\/em><\/p><p>Single parenchyma cells are typically too small to be seen individually, but when viewed as a whole, patterns and shapes emerge. Very infrequently, parenchyma is absent or hardly observable, but in most hardwood species, parenchyma forms unique and telling patterns that greatly aid in the identification process. In describing parenchyma, there are two main classifications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd35599 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd35599\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5cca28a\" data-id=\"5cca28a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e3fa53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e3fa53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"apotracheal\"><\/a>Apotracheal parenchyma<\/h2><p>In order to understand this somewhat intimidating scientific term, it may help to consider the English word \u201ctrachea,\u201d which refers to a tube or pipe (in this case, a wood pore). Combine this with the Greek prefix \u201capo,\u201d which means\u00a0<em>away from<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>separate<\/em>, and the meaning becomes clearer.<\/p><p>Apotracheal refers to parenchyma cells that occur separate from the pores. Apotracheal parenchyma can occur as single scattered cells, classified as\u00a0<strong>diffuse parenchyma.<\/strong>\u00a0These cells are too small to be seen without a microscope. However, in some wood species, several apotracheal parenchyma cells are joined or aggregated together, forming thin but visible tangential lines. This formation is known as\u00a0<strong>diffuse-in-aggregates parenchyma.<\/strong><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_4282\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4282\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/honduran-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4282\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/honduran-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Honduran Rosewood (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/honduran-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/honduran-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/honduran-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/honduran-rosewood-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4282\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Honduran rosewood (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/honduran-rosewood\/\">Honduran rosewood <em>(Dalbergia stevensonii)<\/em><\/a>\u00a0displays a multitude of diffuse-in-aggregates parenchyma, typical of many Dalbergia-genus rosewoods. Any apotracheal parenchyma in contact with neighboring pores is incidental.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21f50d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"21f50d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e61075d\" data-id=\"e61075d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0326078 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0326078\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"paratracheal\"><\/a>Paratracheal parenchyma<\/h2><p>The counterpart to apotracheal parenchyma is paratracheal parenchyma. The Greek prefix \u201cpara\u201d means\u00a0<em>beside<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>near,<\/em>\u00a0and the classification of paratracheal describes parenchyma that occurs in association with the wood\u2019s pores. Of the two classifications, paratracheal parenchyma exhibits a much wider range of patterns and variations.<\/p><p>Paratracheal parenchyma can occur as single cells bordering a pore, called\u00a0<strong>scanty parenchyma.<\/strong>\u00a0These cells are too small to be seen individually without a microscope, and along with diffuse parenchyma, will not be given further consideration in this website.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0f48069 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0f48069\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ad904e\" data-id=\"4ad904e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-910e87a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"910e87a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_22524\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22524\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/acacia-koa4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/acacia-koa4-225x338.jpg\" alt=\"Koa (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"225\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/acacia-koa4-225x338.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/acacia-koa4-100x150.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/acacia-koa4-400x600.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/acacia-koa4.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22524\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Koa: vasicentric<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50654f\" data-id=\"a50654f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f2d40f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f2d40f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most basic paratracheal parenchyma formation is a ring or circle of cells surrounding the pore, which is termed\u00a0<strong>vasicentric parenchyma.<\/strong>\u00a0The term\u00a0<em>vasicentric<\/em>\u00a0is simply a combination of the words\u00a0<em>vase<\/em>\u00a0(suggesting a vessel or pore), and\u00a0<em>centric,<\/em>\u00a0which simply indicates that the parenchyma is centered around the pore.\u00a0It should be noted that vasicentric parenchyma isn\u2019t always visible with a hand lens. If the pores of a wood species are especially small, (with the parenchyma being even smaller), or if the parenchyma ring is only one cell thick, it may not be clearly visible with a hand lens.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-528850a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"528850a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ebe4a8\" data-id=\"8ebe4a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c724ac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c724ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_7864\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7864\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ramin-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-7864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ramin-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Ramin (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ramin-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ramin-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ramin-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ramin-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7864\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ramin: aliform-winged<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75ff287\" data-id=\"75ff287\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fff85b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fff85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Another form of parenchyma that is closely related to vasicentric is\u00a0<strong>aliform parenchyma.<\/strong>\u00a0This term literally means \u201cwing-shaped.\u201d Despite the suggestive name, there are actually two primary variants of aliform parenchyma: the first is\u00a0<strong>winged,<\/strong>\u00a0where short appendages or wings of parenchyma extend from one or both sides of the pore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce11a42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce11a42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5fe7839\" data-id=\"5fe7839\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baab465 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"baab465\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_4467\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4467\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/merbau-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4467\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/merbau-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Merbau (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/merbau-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/merbau-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/merbau-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/merbau-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4467\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Merbau: aliform-lozenge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d605786\" data-id=\"d605786\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-857ad5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"857ad5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The second variant of aliform is\u00a0<strong>lozenge,<\/strong>\u00a0where the parenchyma surrounding the pore takes on a diamond or elongated oval shape.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e351868 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e351868\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-460d71c\" data-id=\"460d71c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ac73f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ac73f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_4048\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4048\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/marblewood-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/marblewood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Marblewood (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/marblewood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/marblewood-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/marblewood-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/marblewood-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4048\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marblewood: confluent<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f903bb0\" data-id=\"f903bb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e86b9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e86b9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Building on the vasicentric and aliform parenchyma patterns, another formation is\u00a0<strong>confluent parenchyma.<\/strong>\u00a0This occurs when the parenchyma is so extensive that it extends outward and makes contact with the parenchyma from neighboring pores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c684de7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c684de7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d89e8c5\" data-id=\"d89e8c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cf8286 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cf8286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5427\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5427\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/purpleheart-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5427\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/purpleheart-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Purpleheart (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/purpleheart-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/purpleheart-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/purpleheart-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/purpleheart-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5427\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purpleheart: unilateral<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e33e2f\" data-id=\"8e33e2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45e35bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45e35bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One last, somewhat uncommon form of paratracheal parenchyma is sometimes seen in a handful of wood species. Whether the parenchyma occurs in a vasicentric, aliform, or a confluent pattern, when the parenchyma covers only one side of the pore in a semicircular fashion, it is said to be<strong>\u00a0unilateral parenchyma.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd69be1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd69be1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d481f37\" data-id=\"d481f37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f16d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f16d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_16997\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16997\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/narra-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16997\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/narra-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/narra-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/narra-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/narra-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/narra-endgrain-zoom-66x66.jpg 66w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/narra-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16997\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Narra: banded<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53603e3\" data-id=\"53603e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5398a33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5398a33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When horizontal (tangential) bands of parenchyma occur either as (apotracheal) diffuse-in-aggregates, and\/or as extensions of aliform or confluent (paratracheal) parenchyma, it is known as\u00a0<strong>banded parenchyma.\u00a0<\/strong>Banded parenchyma can be in continuous bands, or it can occur in interrupted or discontinuous bands. The bands can be very thick\u2014constituting over half of the wood\u2019s overall volume in some species\u2014or they can be very thin and hardly visible with a hand lens. The bands can be very numerous and evenly spaced, or they can be very sparse and sporadic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3006797 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3006797\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e993b67\" data-id=\"e993b67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa9be4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa9be4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_4363\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4363\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ovangkol-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4363\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ovangkol-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Ovangkol (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ovangkol-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ovangkol-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ovangkol-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ovangkol-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4363\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ovangkol: marginal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3de5b2\" data-id=\"d3de5b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5e7335 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5e7335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In some species, banded parenchyma can also occur along the growth ring boundary, and is termed\u00a0<strong>marginal parenchyma.<\/strong>\u00a0Such parenchyma bands can act as growth-ring indicators in some diffuse-porous woods where the annual growth boundaries would be otherwise indistinguishable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7adc57c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7adc57c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9ddef2\" data-id=\"d9ddef2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa810f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"daa810f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_8990\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8990\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bitternut-hickory-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8990\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bitternut-hickory-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Bitternut Hickory (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bitternut-hickory-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bitternut-hickory-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bitternut-hickory-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bitternut-hickory-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8990\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bitternut hickory: reticulate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-120fd42\" data-id=\"120fd42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eab832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5eab832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Other variations of banded parenchyma involve the relationship between the parenchyma (horizontal bands) and the rays (vertical bands). When both the parenchyma and rays occur in thin, closely spaced bands forming a net or grid-like pattern, this is termed\u00a0<strong>reticulate parenchyma.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2db173 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2db173\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362485e\" data-id=\"362485e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e773182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e773182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5600\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5600\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/leopardwood-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/leopardwood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Leopardwood (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/leopardwood-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/leopardwood-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/leopardwood-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/leopardwood-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5600\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leopardwood: scalariform<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b44cb0c\" data-id=\"b44cb0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-809235a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"809235a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When the parenchyma occurs in slightly narrower intervals than the rays, appearing as rungs on a ladder, it is termed\u00a0<strong>scalariform parenchyma<\/strong>\u2014so named for its resemblance of scales on a fish or reptile. Wood samples with scalariform parenchyma typically have very wide rays, and short, arched parenchyma bands between the rays.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7915389 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7915389\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f3a43f\" data-id=\"3f3a43f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7e467 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a7e467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<!-- 2019-inline-article-elementor -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3550840598661096\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"6514411072\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0e5749 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f0e5749\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b5c4a07\" data-id=\"b5c4a07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1bf49c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1bf49c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><a name=\"rays\"><\/a>Rays<\/h1><p>Found on practically every wood species, rays can ofttimes serve to provide valuable clues in the identification process. In a living tree, these cells actually run perpendicular to the rest of the wood fibers, and serve to channel nutrients between the cambium, sapwood, and pith. When viewed from the endgrain, rays appear as more-or-less straight, radial (vertical) lines spaced evenly across the wood sample.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d3dc74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d3dc74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff97f9\" data-id=\"9ff97f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4457a28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4457a28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"width\"><\/a>Ray width<\/h2><p>When viewed under a microscope, ray width can be measured in perfect precision by the number of cells across the ray. Wood species with the thinnest rays measure only one or two cells wide, (called uniseriate, and biseriate, respectively), while some of the widest rays can measure well over a dozen cells wide.<\/p><p>However, when viewed with a hand lens, individual ray cells cannot be counted, and more generic comparative terms, such as\u00a0<em>narrow, medium,<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>wide<\/em>\u00a0are used to describe the ray width.<\/p><table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Width<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Number of Cells<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Narrow<\/td><td>1-3 seriate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Medium<\/td><td>3-5 seriate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wide<\/td><td>5-10 seriate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Very Wide\u00a0<\/td><td>&gt; 10 seriate<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>However, using these generic terms are an imperfect compromise, as the individual rays cells can vary in width, so a narrow uniseriate ray with large cells may visually appear just as wide as a medium-width ray that\u2019s made up of smaller cells.<\/p><p>In addition to noting the average width of the rays, some species also have two distinct sizes of rays present. In the case of hard maple\u00a0<em>(Acer saccharum),<\/em>\u00a0its combination of\u00a0 wide and narrow ray widths can help <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wood-articles\/differences-between-hard-maple-and-soft-maple\/\">distinguish it from other soft maples<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3aa6b2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3aa6b2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff84a32\" data-id=\"ff84a32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bac2942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bac2942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_6680\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6680\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hard-maple-endgrain-zoom-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6680\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hard-maple-endgrain-zoom-2-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Hard Maple (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hard-maple-endgrain-zoom-2-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hard-maple-endgrain-zoom-2-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hard-maple-endgrain-zoom-2-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hard-maple-endgrain-zoom-2.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6680\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hard Maple (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-970047e\" data-id=\"970047e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd6a7a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd6a7a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_10374\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10374\" style=\"width: 383px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/silver-maple-endgrain-zoom1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-10374\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/silver-maple-endgrain-zoom1-383x400.jpg\" alt=\"Silver Maple (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"383\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/silver-maple-endgrain-zoom1-383x400.jpg 383w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/silver-maple-endgrain-zoom1-191x200.jpg 191w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/silver-maple-endgrain-zoom1-57x60.jpg 57w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/silver-maple-endgrain-zoom1.jpg 575w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10374\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silver Maple (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-81fb67d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"81fb67d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80c57a7\" data-id=\"80c57a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9894d33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9894d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The sample of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/hard-maple\/\">hard maple <em>(Acer saccharum)<\/em><\/a>\u00a0has two distinct ray widths\u2014some are relatively narrow, while others are wider. The sample <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/silver-maple\/\">silver maple <em>(Acer saccharinum)<\/em><\/a> shows only slight variations in ray width.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d2eb00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0d2eb00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c911693\" data-id=\"c911693\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea6e6e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea6e6e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"spacing\"><\/a>Ray spacing<\/h2>\nIn addition to their width, rays are also measured by their spacing, usually expressed as a quantity per millimeter. However, because of the impracticality of obtaining precise counts per millimeter using only a hand lens, comparative terms will be used.\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Spacing<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Rays\/mm<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wide<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Normal<\/td>\n<td>4-12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Close<\/td>\n<td>&gt; 12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877aba8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877aba8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-84ef975\" data-id=\"84ef975\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7ed77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a7ed77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_8994\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8994\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hackberry-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8994\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hackberry-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Hackberry (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hackberry-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hackberry-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hackberry-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hackberry-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8994\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hackberry (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-410dfd5\" data-id=\"410dfd5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbed95c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bbed95c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5472\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5472\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/katalox-endgrain-zoom.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5472\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/katalox-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Katalox (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/katalox-endgrain-zoom-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/katalox-endgrain-zoom-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/katalox-endgrain-zoom-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/katalox-endgrain-zoom.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5472\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katalox (endgrain 10x)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e597c59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e597c59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c64a53c\" data-id=\"c64a53c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41fd6ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41fd6ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The sample of <a class=\"hw\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/hackberry\/\">hackberry <em>(Celtis occidentalis)<\/em><\/a> shows a wide ray spacing, while the <a class=\"hw\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/katalox\/\">katalox\u00a0<em>(Swartzia spp.)<\/em><\/a> has rays that are spaced close together (it may be necessary to view enlargements to see them).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-14cb8f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14cb8f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e40e328\" data-id=\"e40e328\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66f0df2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66f0df2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"aggregate\"><\/a>Aggregate rays<\/h2><p>Occasionally, some species will have intermittent rays that are many times wider than the rest. These mega-rays are essentially a collection of a number of normal-sized rays grouped together and appearing as one large ray. They are known as\u00a0<strong>aggregate rays.<\/strong><\/p><p>Perhaps the most well-known commercial lumber in the United States that features aggregate rays is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/red-alder\/\">red alder <\/a><em>(Alnus rubra).<\/em> In addition to alder, only a handful of other genera and species exhibit these rays: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/american-hornbeam\/\">hornbeam <\/a><em>(Carpinus spp.),<\/em> and some species of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/sheoak\/\">sheoak<\/a>\u00a0<em>(Allocasuarina<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Casuarina spp.)<\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/white-oak\/\">oak<\/a>\u00a0<em>(Quercus spp.)\u00a0<\/em>also feature aggregate rays.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_9002\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9002\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/she-oak-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9002\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/she-oak-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sheoak (endgrain 10x)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/she-oak-endgrain-zoom-s-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/she-oak-endgrain-zoom-s-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/she-oak-endgrain-zoom-s-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/she-oak-endgrain-zoom-s.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9002\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enormous rays seen scattered throughout this sample of Sheoak (Casuarina spp.) are a perfect example of the exaggerated nature of aggregate rays.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Occurrence of the large rays is very sporadic\u2014some samples may not contain any aggregate rays at all, while other pieces will have several. The aggregate rays of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/red-alder\/\">red alder<\/a> are so large and conspicuous that they can be observed on flatsawn surfaces as thin dark streaks, and may be mistaken for defects in the wood.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-25349f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"25349f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce9459e\" data-id=\"ce9459e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b2e85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b2e85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"noded\"><\/a>Noded rays<\/h2><p>In some species, the rays will slightly flare out and get wider as they cross a growth ring boundary. This subtle characteristic is referred to as\u00a0<strong>noded rays.<\/strong><\/p><p>While noded rays are fairly uncommon, they can occasionally serve to help in identifying certain woods. Noded rays are present in sycamore <em>(Platanus spp.),\u00a0<\/em>beech <em>(Fagus spp.),<\/em> basswood\u00a0<em>(Tilia spp.),<\/em> and yellow poplar <em>(Liriodendron tulipifera).<\/em><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_9012\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9012\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/yellow-poplar-endgrain-zoom-20x.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9012\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/yellow-poplar-endgrain-zoom-20x-400x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/yellow-poplar-endgrain-zoom-20x-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/yellow-poplar-endgrain-zoom-20x-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/yellow-poplar-endgrain-zoom-20x-60x30.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/yellow-poplar-endgrain-zoom-20x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9012\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this view of Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), the noded rays are subtly visible. (20\u00d7)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0dbab94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0dbab94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34de0bc\" data-id=\"34de0bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aeaff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8aeaff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"storied\"><\/a>Storied rays<\/h2><p>One final characteristic of rays involves examining the flatsawn (tangential) surface of the wood. In some wood species, (particularly those in tropical regions), the rays tend to be aligned in horizontal or diagonal tiers, also referred to as stories. This pattern is called\u00a0<strong>storied rays,<\/strong>\u00a0and it produces a visual phenomenon known as\u00a0<strong>ripple marks.<\/strong>Even though there\u2019s technically no unevenness in the wood, to the unaided eye, (and at low levels of magnification), storied rays appear as minute stripes of wood alternating between light and dark. In addition to the rays, other anatomical features (such as the parenchyma or the fibers) can also form stories, and therefore produce ripple marks.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_9013\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9013\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ripple-marks-4x.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9013\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ripple-marks-4x-400x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ripple-marks-4x-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ripple-marks-4x-200x100.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ripple-marks-4x-60x30.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ripple-marks-4x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9013\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This flatsawn view of persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) exhibits ripple marks. Besides the rays, persimmon also has numerous other storied structures present. (4\u00d7)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>In addition to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/persimmon\/\">persimmon (<\/a><em>Diospyros virginiana)\u2014<\/em>a temperate species\u2014some notable tropical species with storied structures include: most <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/hardwoods\/fabaceae\/dalbergia\/\">rosewoods<\/a>\u00a0<em>(Dalbergia spp.),\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/honduran-mahogany\/\">Honduran mahogany <\/a><em>(Swietenia macrophylla),\u00a0<\/em>and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/sapele\/\">sapele <\/a><em>(Entandrophragma cylindricum).<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc36933 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc36933\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e79a87\" data-id=\"9e79a87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57125c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57125c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<!-- 2019-inline-article-elementor -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3550840598661096\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"6514411072\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e3b9a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e3b9a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bffae8\" data-id=\"5bffae8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb5edbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb5edbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><a id=\"fibers\"><\/a>Wood fibers<\/h1><p>In a living tree, hardwood fibers have strong, thick cell walls that mainly serve to support and strengthen the trunk. When viewed from the endgrain, fibers are very small and can\u2019t be seen individually. Instead, fibers can only be distinguished in a broader sense as colored areas which form the backdrop of the wood\u2019s endgrain.<\/p><p>Occasionally, the wood fibers will change in color in correlation with the growing season, providing a means to distinguish the growth ring boundaries in instances where it may not be apparent in the arrangement of pores or marginal parenchyma.<\/p><h1><a id=\"monocots\"><\/a>Monocots: a special case<\/h1><p>Hardwoods are classified as\u00a0<strong>dicotyledons,<\/strong>\u00a0(or \u201cdicots\u201d for short) because they have two cotyledons (embryonic leaves). That is to say, when a dicot first emerges from its seed, the seedling will have two leaves. Most of the world\u2019s fruits, vegetables, and fibers are dicots.<\/p><p>However, within the division of Angiosperms (flowering plants) there are also plants that only have one embryonic leaf, called\u00a0<strong>monocotyledons,<\/strong>\u00a0or \u201cmonocots\u201d for short. This important group contains corn, wheat, rice, and all true grasses. In the woodworking world, the most notable monocots are\u00a0<strong>palm<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>bamboo.<\/strong><\/p><p>Anatomically, the \u201cwood\u201d of monocots is diverse from both hardwoods and softwoods, and can usually be spotted easily, even without magnification. Viewing the endgrain reveals a fairly simple structure of darker-colored fibrovascular bundles embedded throughout a mass of lighter-colored parenchyma cells. Growth rings, sapwood\/heartwood, and rays are all completely absent.<\/p><p>Narrowing most monocots down to even the genus level (let alone to a precise species) is essentially impossible\u2014at least when limited to the anatomical features of the wood itself. There just aren\u2019t enough distinguishing features present to discern between different species. Fortunately, in woodworking and lumber applications, there are generally only a few types of monocots encountered.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dde7e1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dde7e1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-866d95f\" data-id=\"866d95f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53ae821 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53ae821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<!-- 2019-inline-article-elementor -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3550840598661096\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"6514411072\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ad165 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ad165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1787644\" data-id=\"1787644\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e129a0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e129a0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"palm\"><\/a>Palm<\/h2><p>These tropical monocots have no growth rings, and when viewed on end, a palm log will appear as a circular gradient between the darker (and stronger) fibrovascular bundles along the outer edge, and the lighter (and softer) parenchyma structure in the center. Toward the outer wall of the trunk, the density of the wood is the greatest, and gradually becomes lighter, softer, and weaker towards the soft core.<\/p><p>Palm lumber is typically divided into two general categories: red, and black.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/red-palm\/\">Red palm<\/a> is commonly harvested from the coconut palm <em>(Cocos nucifera),<\/em>\u00a0but other genera and species are also used. As the name implies, the fibrovascular bundles have a reddish hue.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/black-palm\/\">Black palm<\/a>\u00a0is harvested from at least five different genera, and is identified by its darker, nearly black fibrovascular bundles, which contrast with the pale grayish brown parenchyma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-078fcb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"078fcb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-168fbdb\" data-id=\"168fbdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3730a14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3730a14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5263\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5263\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5263\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Red Palm (Cocos nucifera)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5263\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red palm (facegrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-908ab4a\" data-id=\"908ab4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db195d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db195d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_4169\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4169\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4169\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Black Palm (Borassus flabellifer)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4169\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black palm (facegrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3f3251 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3f3251\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc9c6ae\" data-id=\"dc9c6ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-989261e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"989261e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_5265\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5265\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-endgrain.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5265\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-endgrain-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Red Palm (endgrain)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-endgrain-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-endgrain-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-endgrain-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-palm-endgrain.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5265\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red palm (endgrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-109296a\" data-id=\"109296a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de6fc6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de6fc6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_4171\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4171\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-endgrain.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4171\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-endgrain-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Black Palm (endgrain)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-endgrain-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-endgrain-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-endgrain-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/black-palm-endgrain.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4171\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black palm (endgrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-493a981 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"493a981\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c094a7d\" data-id=\"c094a7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a0ef9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a0ef9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The color contrast between the darker fibrovascular bundles and the parenchyma creates a streaked look that is unique to palms. In both endgrain samples, the fibrovascular bundles can clearly be seen without any sort of magnification\u2014a hallmark of monocots.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5177cee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5177cee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a2f57c\" data-id=\"8a2f57c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92586e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92586e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a id=\"bamboo\"><\/a>Bamboo<\/h2><p>These fast growing members of the grass family\u00a0<em>(Poaceae)<\/em>\u00a0are very diverse, with hundreds of species encompassing dozens of genera. Unlike trees, bamboo initially grows at full width, with no tapering or horizontal growth.<\/p><p>Much like palm, bamboo has fibrovascular bundles that are more concentrated near the edge of the stem\u2014also called the\u00a0<strong>culm<\/strong>\u2014with softer parenchyma grading in toward the inner wall. Bamboo culms are hollow in the center, with closed \u201cnodes\u201d generally occurring every few feet or so.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_5192\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5192\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5192\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboo: horizontal (sanded)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5192\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bamboo (facegrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure id=\"attachment_5198\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5198\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-endgrain.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5198\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-endgrain-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboo: horizontal (endgrain)\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-endgrain-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-endgrain-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-endgrain-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bamboo-fs-endgrain.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5198\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bamboo (endgrain)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>The sample above\u00a0is Bamboo (possibly\u00a0<em>Phyllostachys spp.),<\/em>\u00a0which shows subtle interruptions in the grain pattern at the nodes (seen in the right-hand third of the face grain portion). The endgrain also shows smaller strips that have been laminated to form a larger plank.\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_9016\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9016\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/giant-bamboo-endgrain-ring.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9016\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/giant-bamboo-endgrain-ring-400x400.png\" alt=\"Giant Bamboo endgrain ring\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/giant-bamboo-endgrain-ring-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/giant-bamboo-endgrain-ring-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/giant-bamboo-endgrain-ring-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/giant-bamboo-endgrain-ring.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9016\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant bamboo (endgrain ring)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Note the increasing concentration of fibrovascular bundles near the edge of the endgrain section of Giant Bamboo\u00a0<em>(Dendrocalamus asper)<\/em>.<\/p><p>Because bamboo has such a small (and hollow) diameter, various techniques are used to manufacture what could be loosely termed as \u201cboards.\u201d Uniformly small strips of bamboo and machined and then glued together to form larger planks, slabs, and plywood for a number of applications, including, flooring, construction, and furniture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f6fc87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f6fc87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a663c4\" data-id=\"2a663c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9040154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9040154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Get the hard copy<\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/book\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-20824 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wood-book-standup.jpg\" alt=\"wood-book-standup\" width=\"300\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wood-book-standup.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wood-book-standup-225x299.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>If you\u2019re interested in getting all that makes\u00a0<em>The Wood Database<\/em>\u00a0unique distilled into a single, real-world resource, there\u2019s the book that\u2019s based on the website\u2014the Amazon.com best-seller,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/book\/\">WOOD! Identifying and Using Hundreds of Woods Worldwide<\/a><\/strong>. It contains many of the most popular articles found on this website, as well as hundreds of wood profiles\u2014laid out with the same clarity and convenience of the website\u2014packaged in a shop-friendly hardcover book.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Eric Meier Outline Vessel elements:\u00a0porosity,\u00a0arrangement,\u00a0size,\u00a0frequency,\u00a0contents Parenchyma:\u00a0apotracheal,\u00a0paratracheal Rays:\u00a0width,\u00a0spacing,\u00a0aggregate,\u00a0noded,\u00a0storied Wood fibers Monocots:\u00a0palm,\u00a0bamboo In sharp contrast to the simple\u00a0anatomy of softwoods, the hardwoods of the world exhibit a dazzling array of endgrain patterns and intricate motifs; and it\u2019s in this complexity that the challenge (and joy) of wood identification really comes alive. An unknown hardwood sample could [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28617,"parent":9,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8856","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8856","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8856"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8856\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37056,"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8856\/revisions\/37056"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28617"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wood-database.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8856"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}